FROM TOXICITY TO THERAPEUTICS: A REVIEW OF UPAVISHA DRAVYAS IN AYURVEDA

Abstract

Upavisha Dravyas are semi-poisonous substances described in Ayurveda that possess both toxic and therapeutic properties. Although these drugs have been widely employed in Ayurvedic pharmaceutics after appropriate Shodhana (purification), information regarding their classification, purification procedures, therapeutic applications, and regulatory status remains dispersed across classical texts and contemporary scientific literature. This fragmented knowledge makes it difficult to understand their rational therapeutic use and highlights the need for a comprehensive review. The present review was undertaken to critically compile and analyse the available classical and contemporary evidence on Upavisha Dravyas, with emphasis on their classification, Shodhana procedures, therapeutic applications, and regulatory considerations. The review was conducted using information gathered from classical Ayurvedic texts, including Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Rasaratna Samuccaya, Rasa Tarangini, Ayurveda Prakasha, Bhava Prakasha, Sarangadhara Samhita and other authoritative Rasashastra literature, along with published research articles, standard reference books, and official publications related to Ayurvedic toxicology and regulatory guidelines. The review revealed considerable variation among classical texts regarding the number and classification of Upavisha Dravyas, reflecting the gradual evolution of Ayurvedic knowledge. Classical literature describes drug-specific Shodhana procedures employing media such as Gomutra, Godugdha, Kanjika, Ghrita, and herbal decoctions to reduce toxicity and enhance therapeutic efficacy. Following proper purification and administration in prescribed doses, Upavisha Dravyas are incorporated into numerous classical formulations for the management of neurological, musculoskeletal, respiratory, dermatological, and gastrointestinal disorders. The review also identified that several Upavisha drugs are included under Schedule E1 of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, emphasizing the importance of quality control, dose regulation, and standardized pharmaceutical practices. Overall, the available literature supports the therapeutic significance of Upavisha Dravyas while highlighting the need for scientific validation of classical purification methods, pharmacological and toxicological evaluation, and clinical studies to ensure their safe and evidence-based use. Integrating traditional Ayurvedic knowledge with modern scientific research may further strengthen their role in contemporary healthcare.